which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

b. self-actualizing. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. b. existential Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. Medical Model: Definition, Mental Health, Psychology - StudySmarter US Dont worry. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. This is known as "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior - CliffsNotes According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. b. behavior-focused therapists. Operant conditioning. Describe observational learning and modeling. d. conditions of worth. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. c. maintenance. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. c. paradigms. c. unconditional positive regard. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. abnormality, also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or, more broadly, psychopathology. b. sociocultural How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? c. operant conditioning. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. b. b. family structure and communication. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. d. reality principle. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. d. psychodynamic. The Structure of the Nervous System. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. b. Rogers. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. c. social networks. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? b. multicultural. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. 42. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. b. develop depression even when not under stress. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. Models of abnormality - Wikipedia Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. 122. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. 79. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. 85. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? d. disengagement. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. What is this therapy? Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. b. the pleasure principle. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. a. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. 77. c. role-playing. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. 129. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. 13. 27. 138. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. b. exposure therapy. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. 37. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. b. exposure therapy. b. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). 81. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. d. propositions. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. a. modeling Conditioning is when learning occurs. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? 33. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. 31. It is difficult to research this perspective. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. 43. More on that over the next two sections. Dealing with anxiety. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. a. existential d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. c. transference. c. the id, ego, and superego. d. fixation. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. 68. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. b. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. b. secondary prevention. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. b. ethnographic studies. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. b. operant conditioning. 92. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. But before these diagnostic categories In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. 45. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? c. neurotransmitters. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. Psychodynamic techniques. Attributions and cognitive errors. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. The neuron. c. psychodynamic. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). a. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. c. children who very seldom fight. How so? Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Bertha (Anna O.) a. gestalt The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. d. classical conditioning. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? a. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. 51. Don't worry. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. 16. 14. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. 130. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. 29. 57. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 70. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. d. classical conditioning. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. A) illogical thinking patterns. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. b. modeling. c. feminist therapy. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. c. Beck. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. 80. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. How so? With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. c. cognitive-behavioral The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. 49. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Consider your parents for a minute. b. rationalization.

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