Data about boosters was only available for those over 50. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:108893. Additional limitations include the inability to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines received prior to pregnancy onset. Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to But the charts are in line with data from the UK Health Safety Agency, which found that protection from a third dose of Pfizer or Moderna vaccine against hospitalization with Omicron was about 89%, waning slightly to 83% at 10 weeks, Insider's Catherine Schuster Bruce reported. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262356v1 Ferdinands, J. M. et al. N. Engl. Google Scholar. 189, 13791388 (2020). Over the entire study period, the crude rate of hospitalization with a SARS-CoV-2 positive test was lower during the first 6 months of life among infants whose mothers received at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy compared with infants whose mothers were unvaccinated during pregnancy (21/100,000 PY vs. 100/100,000 PY). A continuity correction has been applied to the denominators by capping the percent population vaccination coverage at 95% by assuming that at least 5% of each age group would always be unvaccinated in each jurisdiction. ** Total hospitalizations include data from selected counties in 14 COVID-NET states irrespective of vaccination status and includes adults with partial or unknown vaccination status. In this primary design, all eligible infants meeting inclusion criteria were included without sampling which improved power and minimized bias related to selection. part 46, 21 C.F.R. They, as well as vaccinated people who are immunocompromised and at higher risk of severe COVID-19, are still vulnerable to being infected by a vaccinated person. Rep. 70, 895899 (2021). In the TND, we estimated that during the Delta predominant period, maternal vaccination with at least doses reduced the infants risk of testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 95% (95% CI:76, 99) during the first 2 months of life, 70% (95% CI: 52, 82) during the first 4 months of life, and 61% (95% CI: 42, 74) during the first 6 months of life (Supplemental Table2). During the Delta period, receipt of one dose during the third trimester reduced infants risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by 74% (95% CI: 19, 92) during the first 6 months of life (Table3). Introduction: A rapid increase in COVID-19 cases due to the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants in vaccinated populations has raised concerns about the hospitalization risk associated with, and the effectiveness of, COVID-19 vaccines. Selected counties in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm). Severe cases may increase in the wake of holiday parties where people of all ages mixed. We ran separate models on the time periods associated with the Delta (7/01/2021 to 12/20/2021) and Omicron variants (12/21/2021 to 5/31/2022). J. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Morb. The population of unvaccinated adults is determined by subtracting the number of adults who received any dose of vaccine, as previously defined, from the population. Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. The aim of the secondary design was to compare the results of the cohort with TND. We examined the effectiveness of maternal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection in 30,311 infants born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from December 15, 2020, to May 31, 2022. Most QCovid risk groups were tied to an increased risk of post-booster death, except congenital heart disease, asthma, and previous fracture. IMV status was missing in 1.4% (weighted) of hospitalizations; these hospitalizations are otherwise included elsewhere in the analysis. Protection during both periods decreased as infants aged. Hospitalization of Infants and Children Aged 0-4 Years with Lab The study setting was Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), an integrated healthcare delivery organization that provides comprehensive healthcare to ~4.4 million members as of 2019. CDC graphs show in detail the protection vaccines gave from hospitalization. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The difference between the two studies might be due to population characteristics and the timing of follow-up as ours went through May 31, 2022, while the Norwegian study ended in April 2022. Viruses | Free Full-Text | SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Canadian NMF, MC, GD, DDA, AMP, and ST handled project administration. If the SARS-CoV-2 test date was not available, hospital admission date was used. Vaccination status is based on state immunization information system data. MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Informed consent was waived because this was a data-only study with no direct contact with participants. ** Monthly incidence among adults who received booster or additional doses was calculated by summing the total number of COVID-19 patients with booster or additional doses hospitalized over all days of the month and dividing by the sum of adults with booster or additional doses in the underlying population for each day of the month. This method was also used for calculations in unvaccinated persons and those who received a primary series but not a booster or additional dose.. Vaccine 31, 21652168 (2013). The code used to analyse the data is available on. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Like influenza and Tdap vaccines15,16, data suggest that vaccination during pregnancy may protect infants who are not old enough to be vaccinated against COVID-19. In-hospital death status was missing in 1.4% (weighted) of hospitalizations; these hospitalizations are otherwise included elsewhere in the analysis. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines in ambulatory and inpatient care settings. Although both approaches adjusted for the same confounding factors, the effectiveness estimates from the TND were higher than those from the cohort design, which is consistent with our previous analyses of influenza vaccine effectiveness in which we also observed that the TND tended to result in higher vaccine effectiveness estimates than did our cohort analyses30. Still, even with a smaller percentage of people getting severely ill during the Omicron wave, a large number of cases over a short time can lead to a spike in people being hospitalized or admitted . Additional COVID-NET methods for determining vaccination status have been described previously. COVID hospitalizations amid omicron 23 times higher among - ABC News Data requests may be sent to Kaiser Permanente Division of Research: DOR.IRB.Submissions@kp.org. Beginning the week of December 1925, 2021, the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) became the predominant circulating variant in the United States (i.e., accounted for >50% of sequenced isolates). During the period of Omicron predominance, hospitalization rates increased most sharply among Black adults in the United States relative to all other racial and ethnic groups examined and reached the highest rate observed among all racial and ethnic groups since the beginning of the pandemic. Recently another study reported that the effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against infections and hospitalizations among pregnant people was higher during the Delta period than during the Omicron period21. Correspondence to To ensure stability and reliability of rates by vaccination status, data are presented beginning 14 days after at least 5% of the age group-specific population of the COVID-NET surveillance catchment area has received an additional or booster dose. We, therefore, were unable to assess whether maternal infection provided some protection to their infants. . Nature Communications thanks Annette Regan, Olof Stephansson and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, a significantly shorter median length of hospital stay was observed during the Omicron-predominant period and smaller proportions of hospitalizations with intensive care unit admission, receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death. Google Scholar. Hospitalization rates among non-Hispanic Black adults increased more than rates in other racial/ethnic groups. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Unvaccinated Children Hospitalized at Twice the Rate During Omicron The TND analyses avoid this bias by limiting the analysis to infants who were tested for SARS-CoV-2. During the Omicron period, among children whose mothers received 1 dose before pregnancy and 1 dose during pregnancy, VE against infection was 46% (95% CI: 23, 77) during the first 2 months of life, 16% (95% CI: 28, 50) during the first 4 months of life and 3% (95% CI: 32, 36) during the first 6 months of life compared with children whose mothers were unvaccinated (Supplemental Table4). Methods: One hundred and . Health and Human Services. Additional recommendations followed and data availability on booster-dose status varies by age because not all age groups were recommended by ACIP to receive booster doses at the same time. In our primary analysis, we implemented a cohort study design where we used Cox proportional hazards models that allow for time-varying covariates to estimate the SARS-CoV-2 infection hazard ratio (HR) in infants of mothers vaccinated with at least 2 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy and 1 dose only versus mothers who were unvaccinated during pregnancy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. JAMA Netw. Sarah J. * Adults who completed a primary vaccination series were defined as those who had received the second dose of a 2-dose primary vaccination series or a single dose of a 1-dose product 14 days before a positive SARS-CoV-2 test associated with their hospitalization but received no booster dose. * Information on the impact that booster or additional doses of COVID-19 vaccines have on preventing hospitalizations during Omicron predominance is limited. Hospitalization rates during peak Omicron circulation (January 2022) among unvaccinated adults remained 12 times the rates among vaccinated adults who received booster or additional doses and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose. Wkly. Includes current treatment or recent diagnosis of an immunosuppressive condition or use of an immunosuppressive therapy during the preceding 12 months. Clinical trends among U.S. adults hospitalized with COVID-19, March to December 2020: a cross-sectional study. What are the implications for public health practice? In this analysis, vaccine effectiveness was evaluated as 1 minus the odds ratio. Between December 15, 2020, and May 31, 2022, we identified 62,117 infants born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), an integrated healthcare delivery organization. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Furthermore, it was reassuring that both the cohort and the secondary TND yielded vaccine effectiveness estimates in the same direction. J. Risk was especially high for people with severe combined immunodeficiency (HR, 6.2). Article Persons with multiple, unknown, or missing race accounted for 6.9% (weighted) of all cases. Dis. Among the infants in the cohort, 19,418 (64.06%) of the mothers were unvaccinated during pregnancy, 1138 (3.75%) of the mothers received one dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and 9755 (32.18%) received 2 doses during pregnancy (Table1). Google Scholar. Halasa, N. B. et al. mmwrq@cdc.gov. A WHO spokesman says China informed the WHO about the case, which involves a 53-year-old woman, on Feb 24. Further information on research design is available in theNature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article. SARS-CoV-2 infections can result in COVID-19associated hospitalizations, even among vaccinated persons. These data should be taken with a grain of salt. The TND is designed to better control for bias related to health care-seeking behavior31,32. and statistical significance was assessed at two-sided p0.05. E. & Klein, N. P. Effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infant pertussis. COVID-19 incidence and death rates among unvaccinated and fully vaccinated adults with and without booster doses during periods of Delta and Omicron variant emergence25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4December 25, 2021. wrote the initial manuscript. This activity was reviewed by CDC and conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.. Dr. Klein reported receiving grants from Pfizer, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, and Sanofi Pasteur. Our primary cohort analysis used calendar days as the underlying scale to ensure that we compared infants of vaccinated and unvaccinated mothers on the same calendar days because vaccination status during pregnancy and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection varied over the study period. Receipt of one dose especially during the third trimester was also associated with a reduced risk of infants testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the first 6 months of life during the Delta dominant period. Finally, the COVID-NET catchment areas include approximately 10% of the U.S. population; thus, these findings might not be nationally generalizable. While this proportion might not be representative of the proportion of vaccinated pregnant women within KPNC because of our exclusion criteria, more efforts are needed to promote COVID-19 vaccines for pregnant persons because vaccination provides protection to mothers and their infants until they are old enough to receive their own COVID-19 vaccines. We take your privacy seriously. Acosta AM, Garg S, Pham H, et al. This was the highest age-adjusted weekly rate observed among any racial and ethnic group during the pandemic. Office of the Vice President for Research. During the proxy omicron period, we found a vaccine effectiveness of 70% (95% confidence interval . Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Mortal. Ainslie, K. E. C., Shi, M., Haber, M. & Orenstein, W. A. The rate among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose (133.5), was three times the rate among adults who received a booster or additional dose (45.0). Thank you for visiting nature.com. We excluded these infants because we were primarily interested in estimating the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines received during pregnancy; (7) mothers who received adenovirus vector vaccines or any non-mRNA platform vaccines during pregnancy; (8) mothers who did not receive their mRNA vaccinations in accordance with CDC recommendationse.g., the timing between dose 1 and dose 2 was not within the recommended intervals; and (9) infants who did not become KPNC members within two calendar months of their birth. The data cannot be shared publicly because the data contain potentially identifying or sensitive patient information and is legally restricted by Kaiser Permanente Northern California. With wave after wave of SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 patients filled the worlds' hospitals and morgues because not everybody had access to vaccines or were willing to be vaccinated. J. Med. Children currently account for about 18.5% of reported COVID-19 cases in the United States1. Table 2. Infect. PubMed Suggested citation for this article: Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Anglin O, et al. Vaccines: The CDC recommends that everyone age 5 and older get an updated covid booster shot. The report shows people catching Omicron are: 31% to 45% less likely to go to A&E. 50% to 70% less likely to be admitted to hospital for treatment. Omicron symptoms: Here's what to expect and what we know about the Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Evaluation of the relative virulence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: a retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. Pediatr. **** ICU admission and IMV are not mutually exclusive categories, and patients could have received both. Published by Elsevier Ltd. However, in contrast with the Norwegian study which reported that infants of mothers who were vaccinated had a 33% decreased risk of testing positive during the first 4 months of life during the Omicron period17, our study found a 13% reduced risk that was not statistically significant. Infect. Age-adjusted rates were calculated by dividing the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients by population estimates for race/ethnicity, and vaccination status in the catchment area. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. J. Med. Although the study was unable to directly estimate VE against hospitalization due to the small number of hospitalized cases, it found that over the entire study period, the incidence rate of hospitalization during the first 6 months of life was much lower among the infants whose mothers were vaccinated during pregnancy compared with those whose mothers were not vaccinated. National influenza and COVID-19 surveillance report: 27 January 2022 (week 4). CIDRAP - Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy Adults whose vaccination status had not yet been verified using the immunization information system data were considered to have unknown vaccination status and were included in total proportions but not stratified by vaccination status. Estimated Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Omicron or Delta Variances were estimated using Taylor series linearization method. We observed that infants protection through vaccination during pregnancy decreased as they aged from 2 months to 6 months. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Lipkind, H. S. et al. During the Omicron-predominant period, hospitalization rates increased among unvaccinated persons and those who completed a primary series, with and without receipt of a booster or additional dose (Figure 2). Children and COVID-19: state data report. It's not clear which variant might have been associated with these hospitalizations. NEW YORK and MAINZ, GERMANY, March 1, 2023 Pfizer Inc. (NYSE: PFE) and BioNTech SE (Nasdaq: BNTX) today submitted an application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of a booster (fourth) dose of the companies' Omicron BA.4/BA.5-adapted bivalent COVID-19 vaccine in children 6 months through 4 years of age (also referred to as under 5 years). Maternal vaccination and risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants. Article Despite several studies showing that vaccination during pregnancy is safe for pregnant people24,25,26,27,28, vaccine uptake has been suboptimal in this group29. Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, CA, USA, Ousseny Zerbo,G. Thomas Ray,Bruce Fireman,Evan Layefsky,Kristin Goddard,Edwin Lewis,Pat Ross&Nicola P. Klein, Yale University, Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT, USA, Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA, Regional Perinatal Service Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Santa Clara, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in Hospitalizations of Children Aged 5-11 Years with Laboratory VE against hospitalization was not estimated because of the very small number of hospitalized cases. The study provides evidence that a previous omicron infection in triple-vaccinated individuals provides high amounts of protection against BA.5 and BA.2 infections. As with previous variants, being vaccinated greatly protects you from severe disease with omicron. The rates don't account for non-vaccine-related risks, Mark Jit, professor of vaccine epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine told Insider in an email. We were not able to evaluate more detailed measures of relative clinical severity in hospitalised patients (such as intensive care unit admittance), but our finding that estimated severity reductions comparing omicron with delta are larger for more severe endpoints (death and hospital admission versus hospital attendance) agrees with observations that the proportion of hospitalised COVID-19 patients requiring intensive care or mechanical ventilation (or both) has been substantially lower during the omicron wave in England than the preceding delta wave. The stats are for COVID-associated hospitalizations, which may include people for whom COVID-19 was not the primary reason for admission. Baden, L. R. et al. The state has administered 3.2 million vaccine doses since Dec. 1 alone, but lagging rates between full vaccination and first doses for adults especially (82.6% vs. 95%) are becoming a point of . After adjusting for covariates, vaccination during pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of the infant testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66, 93) during the first 2 months of life, 62% (95% CI: 39, 77) during the first 4 months of life and 56% (95% CI: 34,71) during the first 6 months of life. * https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covid-net/purpose-methods.html. Age was the most important risk factor for COVID-19 death (eg, HR, 31.3 for an 80-year-old vs a 50-year-old). Among fully vaccinated people without a booster, rates were lower at 3,355.5 per 100,000 for COVID-19 cases and 35.4 per 100,000 for hospitalizations. Moline HL, Whitaker M, Deng L, et al. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in preventing COVID-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among nonimmunocompromised children and adolescents aged 5-17 yearsVISION Network, 10 states, April 2021-January 2022. https://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.27.21262356v1. Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased risk for hospitalization among Black adults during the Omicron-predominant period might also be due, in part, to lower proportions of Black adults receiving both the primary vaccination series and booster doses. provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply Adults with a positive result whose SARS-CoV-2 test date was 14 days after the first dose of a 2-dose series but <14 days after receipt of the second dose were considered partially vaccinated. The results were unchanged when no adjustments for covariates were made (Supplemental Table3). Aircraft wastewater surveillance could be used with traveler-based surveillance to provide an early warning system for COVID-19 and other pathogens. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. After the emergence of the Omicron variant, the rate of COVID-19 hospitalizations in the United States was 10.5 times higher in unvaccinated adults and 2.5 times higher in those who were vaccinated but received no booster than in booster recipients, according to a new study. The prevalence of primary COVID-19 vaccination and of receipt of a booster dose were lower among Black adults compared with White adults. Foo, D., Sarna, M., Pereira, G., Moore, H. C. & Regan, A. K. Longitudinal, population-based cohort study of prenatal influenza vaccination and influenza infection in childhood. Models in this analysis were adjusted for the same covariates included in the primary analysis. Morb. The objective of this study was to further evaluate the effectiveness of at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants during the first 2, 4, and 6 months of life during the Delta and Omicron variant periods. Estimated effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against omicron or delta symptomatic infection and severe outcomes. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) Mountain lions, a bobcat, red foxes, black bears, and skunks represent the latest avian flu cases in mammals. 2022 The Authors. Arthur Reingold, Jeremy Roland, Ashley Coates, California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California; Breanna Kawasaki, Rachel Herlihy, Isaac Armistead, Madelyn Lensing, Jordan Surgnier, Sarah McLafferty, Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment; Ann Basting, Tessa Carter, Maria Correa, Daewi Kim, Carol Lyons, Hazhia Sorosindi, Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Emily Fawcett, Katelyn Ward, Jana Manning, Asmith Joseph, Allison Roebling, Chandler Surell, Stephanie Lehman, Taylor Eisenstein, Suzanne Segler, Grayson Kallas, Marina Bruck, Rayna Ceaser, Annabel Patterson, Sabrina Hendrick, Johanna Hernandez, Hope Wilson, School of Medicine, Emory University, Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Public Health, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Foundation for Atlanta Veterans Education and Research, Atlanta, Georgia; Jim Collins, Shannon Johnson, Justin Henderson, Sue Kim, Alexander Kohrman, Lauren Leegwater, Val Tellez Nunez, Sierra Peguies-Khan, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services; Kayla Bilski, Kristen Ehresmann, Richard Danila, Jake Garfin, Grace Hernandez, Kieu My Phi, Ruth Lynfield, Sara Vetter, Xiong Wang, Minnesota Department of Health; Daniel M. Sosin, Susan L. Ropp, Sunshine Martinez, Jasmyn Sanchez, Cory Cline, Melissa Judson, Florent Nkouaga, Mark Montoya, New Mexico Department of Health; Sarah Lathrop, Kathy M. Angeles, Yadira Salazar-Sanchez, Sarah A. Khanlian, Nancy Eisenberg, Dominic Rudin, Sarah Shrum Davis, Mayvilynne Poblete, Emily B. Hancock, Francesca Pacheco, New Mexico Emerging Infections Program; Yassir Talha, Celina Chavez, Jennifer Akpo, Alesia Reed, Murtada Khalifa, CDC Foundation, New Mexico Department of Health; Suzanne McGuire, Kerianne Engesser, Nancy Spina, Adam Rowe, New York State Department of Health; Sophrena Bushey, Virginia Cafferky, Maria Gaitan, Christine Long, Thomas Peer, Kevin Popham, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Julie Freshwater, Denise Ingabire-Smith, Ann Salvator, Rebekah Sutter, Ohio Department of Health; Sam Hawkins, Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority; Tiffanie Markus, Katie Dyer, Karen Leib, Terri McMinn, Danielle Ndi, Gail Hughett, Emmanuel Sackey, Kathy Billings, Anise Elie, Manideepthi Pemmaraju, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Amanda Carter, Andrea George, Andrew Haraghey, Ashley Swain, Caitlin Shaw, Laine McCullough, Mary Hill, Ryan Chatelain, Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah; Alvin Shultz, Robert W. Pinner, Rainy Henry, Sonja Mali Nti-Berko, CDC; Elizabeth Daly, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists.
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